The causes, manifestations, and effects of male hysteria in Żuławski’s Possession
The following study examines male hysteria as portrayed through the figure of Mark in Andrzej Żuławski's Possession (1981). Most scholarly examinations of the movie center on the portrayal of the character Anna as an example of hysteria in the movie. On the other hand, the deterioration of Mark's emotional state is often regarded as a secondary aspect that develops in tandem with Anna's psychological problems in the movie. This essay adopts a different approach by analyzing how Mark's unstable sense of masculinity plays a crucial role in fostering hysteria. Through R.W. Connell's (1995) hegemonic masculinity and Elaine Showalter's (1997) definition of hysteria, this paper investigates three main topics: the causes of Mark's hysteria, the manifestations of his hysteria, and the impact of hysteria on Mark and others surrounding him. The analysis shows that Mark’s hysteria stems from the destabilization of his masculine identity, and it manifests through emotional instability, obsession and surveillance, as well as explosive reactions. Ultimately, the impact of his hysteria leads to Mark’s own psychological deterioration while also fostering violence and neglect toward his family and those involved.